10 More Things We Now Know About Sharks & Rays

July 28, 2025

Species Highlights

It’s the time of year when we take a deep dive into our collective fascination with sharks and stingrays. And, as it turns out, there’s still a lot for us to learn about them.

While they’re disappearing at an alarming rate—with at least fifty percent fewer sharks and rays in the ocean today than there were in 1970 and as many as one-third of all known shark and ray species threatened with extinction—new information on elasmobranchs continues to surface all the time.

Here are just a few of the new theories and findings that have come to light over the past few months:

COLOR US SURPRISED Scientists discovered that pigment working in conjunction with microscopic guanine crystals in a blue shark’s dermal denticles (the tiny, tooth-like structures on their skin) might give the animal the ability to change hue and subtly camouflage in response to changing environment conditions.
NEW BUT VERY OLD The National Park Service announced fossils found in Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave National Park resulted in a newly identified ancient shark species—Macadens olsoni. And that’s not even close to their only shark find, by the way—in March the Park shared the discovery of a “chipmunk shark” with molar-like teeth.
TAG, THEY’RE IT Florida Atlantic University’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute researchers shared they had developed a custom, multi-sensor biologging tag that was successfully field tested on the elusive and fast-moving whitespotted eagle ray, tracking how it moved, ate and interacted with its habitat.
A TOOTH COULD HOLD THE TRUTH Australian researchers determined that despite preservation, shark jaws and teeth kept in museums and other collections still had the potential to reveal where and what those animals ate when they were alive via the process of stable isotope analysis.
THEY COULD EAT WHATEVER THEY WANTED Always a subject of fascination, modern understanding of the megalodon is constantly evolving and a recent study suggested that the massive creature’s dining habits might have been broader and more opportunistic than previously believed.
SCARS REVEAL SECRETS Researchers proposed a new system for classifying white sharks’ wounds in the hopes of being able to piece together some fairly basic but still unknown information such as where they mate, where they give birth and “how they interact with prey, predators and each other.”
A TELLTALE TAIL Because not all rays have protective barbs on their tails, scientists have long wondered why they had tails at all. Researchers taking a closer look found the cownose ray tail was connected to its lateral line and contained tiny holes, suggesting it was a sensory organ that serves as a sort of antenna.
SHARK SOUNDS Scientists in New Zealand recorded what is believed to be the first-ever recording of sharks actively producing noise—the clicking of rig sharks.
TAKING A MUCH CLOSER LOOK Researchers examined the internal structure of blacktip sharks at nanoscale to find out what in their biomechanical makeup contributes to their power, resilience and flexibility.
BABY SHARKS ARE A BIG DEAL Mapping newborn whale shark sightings against oceanographic data revealed a connection between whale shark births and Minimum Oxygen Zones that ultimately could help contribute to the species survival.

Are you a shark and ray fan? Follow us on Facebook, sign up for our e-news or subscribe to our YouTube channel for more information on elasmobranchs and other aquatic life.

-Samantha F.

Sharks at #CLEAquarium!

July 16, 2025

Species Highlights

Written by Greater Cleveland Aquarium

Join Aquarist Ryan as he shares fun facts about the 4 species of sharks residing at the Aquarium in the video below!

Enjoy the video? Join us for a celebration of sharks and stingrays during Fin Fest, now – August 5.

Where Do Shark’s Teeth Go?

Species Highlights

Written by Greater Cleveland Aquarium

The Aquarium divers find tons of shark teeth during daily operations! We’re showcasing the different types of teeth they find and how they’re adapted to each species in the video below!

Join us for a celebration of sharks and stingrays during Fin Fest, now – August 5.

Talking About Rays With Curator Ray

Species Highlights

Written by Greater Cleveland Aquarium

Have you ever wanted to know why stingrays bury themselves in the sand, or how they find food? Aquarium Curator Ray P. took some time to answer those questions in the video below!

Join us for a celebration of sharks and stingrays during Fin Fest, now – August 5.

Frogs v. Toads . . . What’s The Difference?

March 24, 2025

Written by Greater Cleveland Aquarium

Have you ever found yourself wondering what exactly is the difference between a frog and a toad? While these two amphibians may look similar, they have some key differences, especially when it comes to their habitats and movement.

Northern Green Frog at Greater Cleveland Aquarium. — (Northern Green Frog)

Here in Ohio, both frogs and toads play an important role in our ecosystems, and you can find them in a variety of environments, from wetlands to woodlands.

Frogs are typically found in or near water, with smooth, moist skin that helps them stay hydrated. Their long, powerful legs make them excellent jumpers, allowing them to escape predators with ease.

Toads, on the other hand, prefer drier environments like forests, gardens and even suburban backyards. They have rough, bumpy skin that helps retain moisture. They have shorter legs, which makes them better suited for walking or short hops rather than long leaps. Despite these differences, both frogs and toads are voracious insect eaters, feasting on everything from mosquitoes to beetles – making them great natural pest control!

Next time you visit the Aquarium, be sure to check out our amphibian habitats to see if you can spot the differences and know whether you’re peering at a frog or a toad. And if you’d like to learn more, join us for our Take A Closer Look virtual tour. We’ll look closely at some of our smaller residents as we tour the Aquarium and answer all of your big questions in real-time.

5 Things I Learned About Picasso Triggerfish

December 12, 2024

Written by Greater Cleveland Aquarium

Known for its bright, distinctive bands of color reminiscent of a Pablo Picasso painting, you’re looking at the aptly named Picasso triggerfish. Here are 5 things a non-aquarist learned about this fascinating species at Greater Cleveland Aquarium.

1: Some know this species by a different name: lagoon triggerfish. Another fitting title for a fish that spends most of its time
in sub-tidal reef flats and shallow lagoons.

2: For breeding, this species forms distinct pairs. Females build the nest before laying eggs and become very territorial as they guard their future young.

3: Because of the shape of the dorsal and anal fins, this species can swim forwards, backwards and even hover in place.

4: When alarmed, the triggerfish makes a whirring sound. Researchers believe the whirring warns other triggerfish of potential danger.

5: The “trigger” in triggerfish comes from their dorsal spine, which can be raised when startled. If the fish is hiding in a small space, the spine acts as a wedge to hold them in place.

With its bright coloration and attention-grabbing name, it’s hard not to notice the Picasso triggerfish. Look for one during your next Greater Cleveland Aquarium visit.

5 Things I Learned About Northern Clingfish

Written by Greater Cleveland Aquarium

This flat, round animal is the Northern clingfish, typically found in in the Eastern Pacific from Alaska to Mexico. Here are 5 things a non-aquarist learned about this fascinating species at Greater Cleveland Aquarium.

1: With a slightly flat, depressed head, the clingfish’s pelvic fins connect to form an adhesive disk, which it uses to stick itself strongly to rocks and plants. Just to hammer home how impressive their physiology is, scientists are currently in the process of creating suction cups inspired by the northern clingfish’s disk.

2: Clingfish use their suction to steady themselves as they pull prey off rocks. Their favorite menu items include crustaceans and mollusks.

3: In terms of their predators, clingfish have to keep an eye out for snakes, gulls and even raccoons, who might snatch them up at low tide!

4: Northern clingfish reproduce by laying eggs under rocks. The eggs hatch into what are called platonic larvae and it’s the males who protect the babies.

5: A northern clingfish can survive low tide by breathing air—well, more like it absorbs oxygen through its skin, which is a useful trait for an intertidal fish.

Look for this interesting fish clinging to the glass or rocks of its habitat during your next Greater Cleveland Aquarium Visit. Nature. It’s a curious thing.

Wild, Weird & Creepy Creatures

October 30, 2024

Written by Greater Cleveland Aquarium

Why do some animals give us the creeps? As Halloween season is upon us, it’s important to stop and consider. Have you ever felt a shiver down your spine at the sight of a spider lurking in a nearby corner, or watching a snake slither away through tall grass? At the Aquarium, we like to highlight some of these less beloved animals and dig into why their reputations leave a bit to be desired.

Let’s start with an easy one. Sharks have long been branded as these violent and blood-thirsty predators, seeking out both fish and human without preference. Thanks to sensationalized popular media such as ‘Jaws,’ we were fast to believe this behavior is real. This fearsome image overshadows the fact that sharks are vital gatekeepers of their oceanic ecosystems, providing balance to the underwater world. Sharks are in reality remarkable survivors, deserving at the very least our respect, and even our admiration.

Snakes are another animal often evoking terror for humans, most likely due to their serpentine bodies and fear of their hooked fangs, which are sometimes equipped with venom. As with sharks, popular media and cultural narratives have painted snakes as malevolent over the years, moving far beyond the reputation snakes deserve. The vast majority of snakes are harmless, and would much rather escape our presence than engage with us. Many species also play critical roles in their ecosystems as both predators and prey.

Before judging animals based on their physical appearance and historical narratives, it’s crucial to stop and consider the facts. Facing natural obstacles in the world along with our persecution, negative reputations have pushed some of these species to the brink of extinction.

Join us for our Wild, Weird, & Creepy virtual program on October 30 to learn about some more of these animals, and how you could potentially help out with changing the narrative!

– Educator Matt D.

8 Things We Now Know About Sharks & Rays

July 16, 2024

Species Highlights

Written by Greater Cleveland Aquarium

The ocean covers 70 percent of the Earth’s surface. According to NOAA, just 26.1 percent of the global seafloor had been “mapped with high-resolution technology.” Clearly, there’s a lot we don’t know about these vast, deep waters and their inhabitants. With hundreds of different identified shark and stingray species, we still have so much to discover! Here are eight shark- and stingray-related findings that have made the headlines in the 12 months since Greater Cleveland Aquarium celebrated Fin Fest 2023.

1: THE STINGRAY SHUFFLE

Recent scientific findings suggest that shuffling can help those who want to avoid being struck by stingrays buried in the sand. Vibrations from these little movements alert rays and give them time to move out of harm’s way. Taking tiny steps also means surfers and ocean lovers are less likely to squish a ray midbody. Stepping down where the rays’ organs are located “makes them strike 85 percent of the time,” say researchers from California State University, Long Beach.

2: LEAN & NOT SO MEAN?

The megalodon has so captured the popular imagination that despite being extinct for millions of years, it is the titular star of a box office franchise starring Jason Statham. Depicted as massively terrifying on the big screen, scientists reevaluating fossil records think the “the meg” might have been somewhat longer, possibly less agile and significantly thinner than previously believed.

3: OH BABY!

A wildlife photographer and filmmaker took footage of a shark off the coast of Carpinteria, California, that might be a newborn great white. IF (and that’s a big IF) it is a baby great white pictured, the imagery could verify that female sharks give birth in the area from Santa Barbara to Baja California. “Anything that gives clues to the lifecycle of their reproductive behaviors of any species is really important in understanding and preventing their decline or extinction,” noted Northeastern University professor Dan Distel.

In related news, the existence of a shark nursery near the “Big Apple” was confirmed. The urban location is believed to be “the primary nursery for North Atlantic great whites, where juveniles learn to feed, navigate and evade predators in relative safety.”

4: PALEONTOLOGY ROCKS

Two new-to-science sharks—Troglocladodus trimblei and Glikmanius careforum—were identified via fossils found in Mammoth Cave National Park, an area that would have been covered by a seaway hundreds of millions of years ago. Meanwhile, an exceptionally well-preserved fossil found in a Mexican quarry is expanding our understanding of the body shape and feeding habits of a distant relative of the modern-day great white shark.

5: WARMING UP TO THE IDEA

Researchers were surprised to only recently discover the globally endangered basking shark might be partially warm-blooded. While the majority of fish are ectothermic and cannot regulate their body temperatures, a few have been found to be regional endotherms, meaning they cannot generate heat in parts of their bodies. “The basking shark is a shining example of how little we know about shark species in general,” zoologist Haley Dolton commented.

6: GHOST HUNTERS

A deep-sea survey discovered a new fish species with an otherworldly appearance. A distant shark and ray relative, the primitive chimaera, or ghost shark, had “giant, glow-in-the-dark eyes, a huge head and feather-like fins.”

7: NOT KISSING COUSINS

When an apparent pregnancy of a lone female ray in North Carolina sparked wild public speculation, the public learned that (due to anatomy and genetics) there was no way that a round stingray could have mated with a neighboring bamboo shark. Although some species of sharks and rays are capable of parthenogenesis, or asexual reproduction, it was eventually reported that this stingray had a rare reproductive disease that led to its loss.

8: GOING THE DISTANCE

Researchers documented a silky shark traveling 17,190 miles—by far the most extensive migration recorded to-date for this overfished and vulnerable species. Tracking showed “Genie” journeying into international waters. The study’s authors believe the long migratory pathway reinforces that international coordination is imperative to help reverse the declining populations of silky sharks.